Instant replay of digital video optimized using non MPEG frame tags

ABSTRACT

A method and device for providing instant replay in an MPEG video decoder. The method and device provides non-MPEG frame tags for correlation of the frames in the decompressed domain to the frames in the compressed domain.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates in general to video processing and in particular to a method and device for providing instant replay of video.

[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art

[0004] Instant replay permits a viewer to rewatch a portion of a video program for closer study, e.g. to rewatch a play in a sporting event. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,551 an instant replay device is provided with a circular memory for recording video for later replay. Each frame of video is simply stored in a memory at an address equally spaced from the next frame, which means the memory in U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,551 does not take advantage of current MPEG standards which permit variable length encoding of frames.

[0005] In addition current MPEG-2 decoders receive the video information in the form of a compressed bit stream. The order of the pictures (e.g. I,P,B,B) in the compressed bit stream is different than the decompressed order in which the video is displayed (e.g. I,B,B,P). This reordering is necessary to ensure that all of the anchor frames needed to reconstruct the current frame have been received by the decoder first. The MPEG syntax does not contain any element which correlates the order of the pictures in the compressed domain to the order of the pictures in the decompressed domain.

[0006] For operation of instant replay some correlation would be advantageous because a user typically views the decompressed video and then selects a portion of this video to be instantly replayed. This portion is then retrieved from memory and redisplayed. Since there is no correlation in MPEG between the decompressed video that is displayed and the compressed video, the storage device must store the decompressed video in order to begin replaying the video at the appropriate point in the video stream. This requires large costly memories.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Accordingly it is an object of this invention to provide instant replay for an MPEG encoded video stream, including video streams received via live terrestrial transmission, by storing the data in the compressed domain and providing non-MPEG frame tags for correlation to the decompressed domain.

[0008] It is another object of the invention to provide instant replay of video without adding substantial cost to the video decoder.

[0009] It is a further object of the invention to provide instant replay which is not limited to any one profile or level of MPEG.

[0010] It is yet another object of the invention to provide instant replay in a system which optimizes the use of the memory by utilizing the benefits of variable length encoding.

[0011] Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.

[0012] The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the apparatus embodying features of construction, combinations of elements and arrangement of parts which are adapted to effect such steps, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] For a fuller understanding of the invention reference is had to the following drawings:

[0014]FIG. 1 shows an example of the components of prior art video decoders;

[0015]FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the FLD, VLD, rate buffer, replay memory, rate buffer control and replay controller in accordance with the invention;

[0016]FIG. 3A shows the components of the video stream in the decompressed display order;

[0017]FIG. 3B shows the components of the video stream in the compressed order;

[0018]FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of the replay memory and replay controller; and

[0019]FIG. 5 shows the elements of a video decoder in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0020]FIG. 1 shows the components of present MPEG video decoders. The fixed length decoder (FLD) 10 decodes the syntactical information in the headers of the MPEG video stream from the PES layer to the Picture layer and provides this information to many of the remaining decoder elements. The FLD 10 also indicates to the rate buffer 12 the beginning of the compressed video sequences, pictures and/or GOPs etc. The data arrives at the rate buffer 12 at a slower data rate than the data rate required for decoding and viewing. By buffering the data in the rate buffer 12 the data can be synchronized to the audio stream and to time stamps used for buffer management and provided to the display at a real time data rate.

[0021] The variable length decoder (VLD) 14 transcodes the variable length code words of the compressed video data into run length codewords. The run length decoder (RLD) 16 transcodes run length code words into quantized coefficient values. The inverse quantizer (IQ) 18 maps quantized coefficient values to non-quantized coefficient values e.g. discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient values. The inverse discrete cosine transformer (IDCT) 20 performs an inverse transform operation on the DCT coefficients to produce pixel value differences. The motion compensation reconstruction subsystem 22 takes the pixel value differences and uses motion vectors and the frames (e.g. I and P frames) stored in the anchor frame stores 24 and 26 to build the decompressed video frames. The I frames are stored in anchor frame store 24 and then displayed. As the I frame is displayed, the following P frame is reconstructed and stored in the frame store 26 and the B frames are decoded by the reconstruction subsystem 22. The decompressed pixel values are displayed by the display processor 28.

[0022] As stated above the rate buffer 12 stores the compressed video pictures. The display processor 28 displays the decompressed video pictures. The order in which the decompressed pictures are displayed is not the same as the order in which the compressed pictures are stored. So, for example, if the compressed video stream is I₁, P₄, B₂, B₃ . . . , the display order may be I₁, B₂, B₃, P₄ . . . This reordering poses a problem for implementing instant replay. The problem is as follows: assume instant replay of the last two displayed pictures is requested while the P₄ picture is being displayed. In the decompressed domain the B₃ and P₄ picture would be redisplayed, since they are the last two pictures. In the compressed domain the B₂and B₃ pictures would be redisplayed, as these are the last two pictures stored in the rate buffer 12. Since, the user is watching the decompressed video it is this video (B₃, P₄) that the user would like replayed, but the rate buffer 12 does not hold the pictures in this order (B₂, B₃). If a request for instant replay is received by the video decoder it must determine which picture was last displayed and retrieve and redisplay the last X number of pictures depending on the length of instant replay requested. This means that if the P₄ frame is being displayed (i.e. the fourth frame of the decompressed video information), and only the compressed frames are stored, the replay process must correlate the decompressed displayed P₄ frame to the position in the rate buffer 12 of the compressed P₄ frame (i.e. the second frame of the compressed video information). (This example disregards the need for anchor frames as explained below).

[0023] In addition once the frames are in the decompressed domain the frame type information, whether a P, B or I frame is being displayed, is lost. The instant replay decoding process, however, needs this “frame type” information as it must start the decoding process with an I frame in order to decode the frames in accordance with MPEG. Therefore, the nearest I frame to the first instant replay frame to be decoded must be found in the rate buffer 12 which means frame type information (I,P,B) must also be retrieved from the compressed domain.

[0024]FIG. 2 shows a video decoder which solves this problem. The video picture information is received from the FLD 10 in the rate buffer write control 32 of the rate buffer control 30, and in the replay write control and tag insertion 42 of the replay memory control 40. The rate buffer write control 32 writes the video picture information and the necessary header information which dictates the type of picture (I,P,B) into the rate buffer 12 and provides pointer values to the rate buffer pointer store 34 which pointer values indicate the starting address of the pictures. There is no requirement that the pointer values must keep track of “pictures” as in an alternative embodiment the pointer values could indicate the beginning of sequences, groups of pictures (GOPs), I frames etc. The rate buffer read control 36 receives the pointer values from the rate buffer pointer store 34 and reads the picture information from the rate buffer 12.

[0025] The invention provides the addition of marker tags to the video picture information. The replay write control and tag insertion 42 adds tags to each picture, each tag having a unique counter value (e.g. 0 to 1799). The range 0-1799 (1800 pictures) allows for up to 60 seconds of storage of 30 Hz material (1800 frames of 30 frames/sec material=60 seconds of replay video). The invention is not limited to counter values (0-1799) as other types of tags could be used.

[0026] During decode the FLD 10 detects the start of the pictures (the beginning point of the video information for each picture), flagging each start location in the bit stream. The marker tags are placed into the partially decoded bitstream by the replay write control and tag insertion 42, creating a modified bit stream which is written to both the rate buffer 12 and the replay memory 44. The marker tags are stored in the replay pointer store and mapper 48 and mapped to the pointers. The pointers indicate the addresses where the start of the pictures are stored. FIG. 4 shows one example of the replay memory 44 and its control features.

[0027] The rate buffer read control 36 receives the pictures along with the marker tags and provides them to the VLD 14. As seen in FIG. 5 the tag is carried throughout the decoder to the display processor 28.

[0028] If the display processor 28 receives an instant replay request it provides the marker tag of the presently viewed frame to the replay read control 46. The replay read control 46 provides the marker tag to the replay pointer store and mapper 48. The pointer store and mapper 48 maps the marker tag to the address in the replay memory 44 of the location of the video frame having the corresponding marker tag. The replay read control 46 then rolls back its address to the address of the start-of-replay video frame occurring approximately 1800 frames before the marked frame. If the start-of-replay video frame is not an I frame the nearest I frame in the bit stream is used and this frame becomes the new start-of-replay video frame. The method in which this I frame is found is explained below but involves the replay read control 46 accessing the replay memory location of the start-of-replay frame and checking the header information of this frame to see if it is an I anchor frame. If the start-of-replay frame is not an anchor frame an earlier pointer value is requested from the replay pointer store and mapper 48. For example, in one embodiment the address roll back can be determined with reference to stored marker tags. The pointer store and mapper 48 stores the information indicating the nearest I frame and provides the address of the nearest I frame as the start-of-replay video to the replay read control 46. In other words, the marker tag itself for each frame references the nearest I frame. The replay video is then provided to the VLD 14 for decoding. One of the benefits of this invention is that the replay memory 44 stores the compressed video which means the replay memory 44 is relatively small as compared to storage required for the decompressed video. In addition, because the marker tags reference the address of the start of pictures there is no need to store the pictures equally spaced from one another to maintain easy referencing. Instead, each frame is stored using as little memory as required for that particular variable length encoded frame, and direct correlation between the compressed and decompressed domains is still maintained.

[0029] The following is a description for detecting the first I frame for instant replay. Since the video data is stored in the compressed order, all anchor frames needed to decode the current frame are stored in memory before the current frame. The anchor frame searching schemes described below can be performed by the replay pointer store and mapper 48 in conjunction with the replay read control 46.

[0030] If the Start-of-replay Frame from the Instant Replay Memory is an I Frame

[0031] The replay memory controller 40 reads this I frame into the video decoder. The replay read control 46 rolls its address forward to the next P frame. If reference is made to FIG. 3B, this means the I₀ frame is read and then the P₃ frame. The P₃ frame is decoded from the I₀ frame, then all frames after the P₃ frame are decoded. (See example 1 below).

[0032] If the Start-of-replay Frame from the Instant Replay Memory is a P Frame

[0033] The replay memory controller 40 looks for the preceding I frame in memory. This I frame (e.g. I₀ in FIG. 3b) is used to decode the start-of-replay P frame (e.g. P₃). Then, the memory controller 40 reads forward in memory to the anchor frame following the start-of-replay P frame. If this anchor frame is also a P frame (e.g. P₆), then the preceding I frame is used to decode this P frame. Both the start-of-replay P frame and following P frame are used to decode the B frames following start-of-replay (e.g. I₀ is used to recover P₃ and P₆; P₃ and P₆ are used to recover B₄, and B₅). See example 2 below. If the anchor frame following the start-of-replay P frame is an I frame, then the start-of-replay P frame and that I frame are used to decode the B frame(s) following the start-of-replay P frame (see example 3 below).

[0034] If the Start-of-replay Frame from the Instant Replay Memory is a B Frame

[0035] The replay controller 40 searches back through the instant replay memory 44 until a P frame (here labeled P₁ for clarity) is found. P₁ is needed to reconstruct the start-of-replay B frame, and is retrieved from the instant replay memory. At this point the replay controller 40 searches for an I frame. If the P₁ frame is immediately preceded by an I frame, then it searches no further: the I frame and the P₁ frame thus found are used to reconstruct the start-of-replay B frame. If the P₁ frame is not immediately preceded by an I frame, then the preceding P frame, along with the P₁ frame, are used to reconstruct the start-of-replay B frame. However, both P frames must themselves be reconstructed from the preceding I frame. Thus, the replay controller 40 must find the preceding I frame (skipping over any further P frames it may encounter). Once the I frame is found, it is used to decode the two P frames, which in turn, are used to decode the start-of-replay B frame. (See examples 4 and 5 for clarification).

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0036] Assume the start-of-replay frame is found to be I₉ in FIG. 3b. I₉ is loaded into the video decoder, then P₁₂ is decoded, then B₁₀ and B₁₁ (note: it skips B₇ and B₈ since they won't be in the GOP started by I₉). After B₁₀ and B₁₁, it decodes as normal.

Example 2

[0037] Suppose the start-of-replay frame is P₃ in FIG. 3b. First the replay read control 46 reads back through the replay memory to find the preceding I frame (e.g. I₀). Then the replay read control 46 searches forward in memory to the anchor frame following P₃. In this case, the next anchor frame will be P₆. Then the decoder uses I₀ to decode both P₃ and P₆. Then P₃ and P₆ are used to decode B₄ and B₅. After B₄ and B₅, normal decoding proceeds.

Example 3

[0038] Suppose the start-of-replay frame is found to be P₆ in FIG. 3b. The replay read control 46 first looks for the preceding I frame (in this case, I₀). Then it looks for the anchor frame following P₆, (in this case, I₉). The video decoder uses I₀ to decode P₆, then uses P₆ and I₉ to decode B₇ and B₈. Normal decoding proceeds after B₈

Example 4

[0039] Assume the start-of-replay frame is found to be B₁ in FIG. 3b. The preceding P frame (in this case P₃) is then found. Then the replay memory controller searches for the previous I frame (in this case I₀). The video decoder uses I₀ to decode P₃. The video decoder uses I₀ and P₃ to decode B₁. The video decoder decodes normally thereafter.

Example 5

[0040] Assume the start-of-replay is found to be B₅ in FIG. 3b. The replay memory controller first looks back earlier in time to find the first P frame (in this case, P₆). Then it searches further for an I frame. At one point, it comes across P₃. This indicates that the B frame in question will have to be decoded from two P frames. Therefore, P₃ is noted. Looking further back into memory, the replay memory controller comes across I₀. The decoder uses I₀ to decode P₃ and P₆. The decoder uses P₃ and P₆ to decode B₅. The decoder proceeds with normal decoding after B₅.

[0041] In an alternative embodiment of the invention the replay memory 44 and the rate buffer memory 12 can be combined. The pointer address of each frame can be used as the marker tag and passed along the decoding chain. The pointer address can then be used to locate in the combined memory the present compressed video frame being viewed. Such a scheme would eliminate the duplication of the control systems 30 and 40 and the memories 12 and 44.

[0042] It should be noted that the invention has been described with reference to storing the slice layer of the MPEG stream, but it can also be implemented in other layers such as the transport layer. In addition although the invention was described with respect to MPEG1 and MPEG2, it can be implemented in any MPEG video syntax that uses compressed and decompressed video signals in the decoder.

[0043] A further note, if the video stream includes SMPTE time codes then these can be used as the marker tags.

[0044] It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the construction set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A video decoder for providing instant replay, comprising: a memory for storing compressed video information; a write controller for receiving the compressed video information and for writing it to the memory; a marker for marking portions of the received compressed video with tags corresponding to the location in the memory of where the portions of the compressed video information are stored; a decompressor for i)receiving the compressed video information and the tags from the memory, ii) decompressing the compressed video information, and iii) storing the tags; a display processor for i) receiving the tags and the decompressed video information, ii) displaying the decompressed video information, and iii)storing the tag of a recently displayed decompressed frame; and a read controller for, upon request for instant replay, receiving the tag of a recently displayed decompressed frame and for accessing the locations in the memory corresponding to a sequence of previously displayed compressed frames for redisplay by the display processor.
 2. The video decoder in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tags are pointer values which point to the addresses in the memory of the beginning of the frames of compressed video information.
 3. The video decoder in accordance with claim 2, wherein the compressed video information includes anchor frames and non-anchor frames and the tags indicate the anchor frames.
 4. The video decoder in accordance with claim 1, further including i) a pointer store for storing pointer values which indicate the addresses in the memory of where the beginning of the frames of compressed video information are stored; and ii) a mapper which maps the most recently displayed decompressed frame tag to the pointer value of the address in the memory where the most recently displayed frame is stored.
 5. The video decoder in accordance with claim 4, wherein the compressed video information includes anchor frames and non-anchor frames and the pointer values indicate the anchor frames.
 6. The video decoder in accordance with claim 4, wherein the compressed video includes anchor frames and non-anchor frames and the read controller includes means for selecting an address in the memory which holds an anchor frame and for providing the anchor frame as the first frame of the sequence of frames to be redisplayed.
 7. A video decoder for providing instant replay, comprising: a rate buffer for storing compressed video information for decode and display in real time; an instant replay memory for storing the compressed video information for instant replay; a write controller for receiving the compressed video information and for writing the compressed video information into the rate buffer and the instant replay memory; a marker for marking frames of the compressed video information stored in the rate buffer with tags, and for marking the same frames stored in the instant replay memory with corresponding tags; a decompressor for decompressing the compressed video information received from the rate buffer; a display processor for displaying the decompressed video information and for storing the tag of a recently displayed frame of decompressed video information; and an instant replay memory reader for receiving the tag of the most recently displayed frame of decompressed video information and for reading from the instant replay memory the most recently displayed compressed frame, and for providing the most recently displayed compressed frame to the decompressor and display processor for redisplay.
 8. A method of providing instant replay, comprising the steps of: writing compressed video information to a memory; storing the compressed video information in the memory; marking portions of the compressed video information with different tags which correspond to locations in the memory of where the portions of the compressed video information are stored; decompressing the compressed video information; storing the tags of the decompressed video information in the decompressor; displaying the decompressed video information; storing the tag of a recently displayed decompressed frame; receiving a request for instant replay; correlating the tag of the recently displayed decompressed frame to the location in memory of the corresponding compressed frame of video information; and retrieving the most recently displayed compressed frame and a sequence of previously displayed frames for redisplay.
 9. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein the step of retrieving the sequence retrieves a sequence of frames which correspond to a preselected duration of instant replay.
 10. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein the compressed video information includes anchor frames and non-anchor frames and wherein the step of correlating further includes the step of locating the nearest previously displayed anchor frame to the first frame to be redisplayed and beginning redisplay with this nearest previously displayed anchor frame.
 11. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein each tag indicates the location in memory of the anchor frame of the first frame of the sequence to be redisplayed and the step of retrieving begins by retrieving this anchor frame.
 12. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein the step of correlating includes the step of mapping the tag of the most recently displayed frame to a pointer value, which pointer value indicates a first anchor frame to be redisplayed.
 13. The method in accordance with claim 10, wherein the step of decompressing decompresses the video information in accordance with MPEG
 2. 14. A video decoder for providing instant replay of video that has been compressed and variable length encoded, comprising: a memory for storing the variable length encoded compressed video in a manner that takes advantage of the variable length encoded video by optimizing the use of the memory; a tag inserter, for inserting marker tags into the compressed video stream which reference locations in memory where portions of the video is stored; a decompressor for decompressing the compressed video; a correlator for using the marker tags to correlate decompressed portions of the video to the location in memory of the corresponding compressed portions. 